Short Answers - 2
Short Answer Questions (10 X 2 = 20)
- Write any two causes of Conjunctivitis
Microbial Conjunctivitis - Bacterial : Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus; Viral : Chlamydial : Trachoma
Allergic Conjunctivitis - Immunologic or allergic conjunctivitis is a hypersensitivity reaction as a part of allergic rhinitis (hay fever), or any other allergic reaction : allergy to pollens and other environmental allergens. There is extreme
- List down two purposes of Cystoscopy
Diagnostic : Tumours, stones, diverticulae, cystitis
Surgical : TURP, Cystoscopic removal of stones, Tumour ablation
- Name two types of Urinary Incontinence
Stress incontinence - leaking urine while coughing, sneezing etc.
Overflow incontinence - BHP - bladder is always full and leaks little by little
- Mention two risk factors of Epistaxis
Nose picking - leads to rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane Kesselbach's plexus,
Trauma to the nose - fracture of nasal bone
Inhalation of illicit drugs
Blooe dyscrasias
Nasal tumors
Low humidity
Foreign body in the nose
- Enlist the two causes of Anaemia in CRF
Inadequate erythropoietin production,
Shortened life span of RBCs, nutritional deficiencies
Tendency to bleed, particularly from the GI tract.
- State two Classifications of Renal Calculi
According to the chemical composition : Calcium stones, Uric acid stones, Oxalate stones, Phosphate stones
According to the situation of the stone in the Urinary Tract : Renal stone : calyceal, Pelvic, ureteric, stones, bladder stones, Urethral stones
- Name two types of Hearing Loss
Conductive deafness : otosclerosis
Nerve deafness : due to aging
- Specify two types of Surgical Approach in treating Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Transurethral : TURP using cystoxcope
Trans abdominal : Transabdominal prostatectomy = Transvesical prostatectomy
- Discuss two interventional options available in Renal Calculi
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy : Percutaneous tract made - dilated - nephroscope introduced - stone extracted with forceps or by a stone retrieval basket
If the stone is very big ultrasound probe introduced and stone pulverized and washed out.
Nephrolithotomy
- Mention four Menstrual Abnormalities.
Menorrhagia - increased flow of menstruation
Metrorrhagia - increased frequency of menstruation
Dysmenorrhoea - painful menstruation
Haematometra - stagnation of menstual blood in the uterine cavity
Haematocolpos - imperforate hymen
